FAQ¶
No output at all¶
Try od -xcv
and/or cat -e
on your file to check for non-printable characters.
If you’re using Miller version less than 5.0.0 (try mlr --version
on your system to find out), when the line-ending-autodetect feature was introduced, please see http://johnkerl.org/miller-releases/miller-4.5.0/doc/index.html.
Fields not selected¶
Check the field-separators of the data, e.g. with the command-line head
program. Example: for CSV, Miller’s default record separator is comma; if your data is tab-delimited, e.g. aTABbTABc
, then Miller won’t find three fields named a
, b
, and c
but rather just one named aTABbTABc
. Solution in this case: mlr --fs tab {remaining arguments ...}
.
Also try od -xcv
and/or cat -e
on your file to check for non-printable characters.
Diagnosing delimiter specifications¶
# Use the `file` command to see if there are CR/LF terminators (in this case,
# there are not):
$ file data/colours.csv
data/colours.csv: UTF-8 Unicode text
# Look at the file to find names of fields
$ cat data/colours.csv
KEY;DE;EN;ES;FI;FR;IT;NL;PL;RO;TR
masterdata_colourcode_1;Weiß;White;Blanco;Valkoinen;Blanc;Bianco;Wit;Biały;Alb;Beyaz
masterdata_colourcode_2;Schwarz;Black;Negro;Musta;Noir;Nero;Zwart;Czarny;Negru;Siyah
# Extract a few fields:
$ mlr --csv cut -f KEY,PL,RO data/colours.csv
(only blank lines appear)
# Use XTAB output format to get a sharper picture of where records/fields
# are being split:
$ mlr --icsv --oxtab cat data/colours.csv
KEY;DE;EN;ES;FI;FR;IT;NL;PL;RO;TR masterdata_colourcode_1;Weiß;White;Blanco;Valkoinen;Blanc;Bianco;Wit;Biały;Alb;Beyaz
KEY;DE;EN;ES;FI;FR;IT;NL;PL;RO;TR masterdata_colourcode_2;Schwarz;Black;Negro;Musta;Noir;Nero;Zwart;Czarny;Negru;Siyah
# Using XTAB output format makes it clearer that KEY;DE;...;RO;TR is being
# treated as a single field name in the CSV header, and likewise each
# subsequent line is being treated as a single field value. This is because
# the default field separator is a comma but we have semicolons here.
# Use XTAB again with different field separator (--fs semicolon):
mlr --icsv --ifs semicolon --oxtab cat data/colours.csv
KEY masterdata_colourcode_1
DE Weiß
EN White
ES Blanco
FI Valkoinen
FR Blanc
IT Bianco
NL Wit
PL Biały
RO Alb
TR Beyaz
KEY masterdata_colourcode_2
DE Schwarz
EN Black
ES Negro
FI Musta
FR Noir
IT Nero
NL Zwart
PL Czarny
RO Negru
TR Siyah
# Using the new field-separator, retry the cut:
mlr --csv --fs semicolon cut -f KEY,PL,RO data/colours.csv
KEY;PL;RO
masterdata_colourcode_1;Biały;Alb
masterdata_colourcode_2;Czarny;Negru
How do I suppress numeric conversion?¶
TL;DR use put -S.
Within mlr put
and mlr filter
, the default behavior for scanning input records is to parse them as integer, if possible, then as float, if possible, else leave them as string:
$ cat data/scan-example-1.tbl
value
1
2.0
3x
hello
$ mlr --pprint put '$copy = $value; $type = typeof($value)' data/scan-example-1.tbl
value copy type
1 1 int
2.0 2.000000 float
3x 3x string
hello hello string
The numeric-conversion rule is simple:
Try to scan as integer (
"1"
should be int);If that doesn’t succeed, try to scan as float (
"1.0"
should be float);If that doesn’t succeed, leave the value as a string (
"1x"
is string).
This is a sensible default: you should be able to put '$z = $x + $y'
without having to write '$z = int($x) + float($y)'
. Also note that default output format for floating-point numbers created by put
(and other verbs such as stats1
) is six decimal places; you can override this using mlr --ofmt
. Also note that Miller uses your system’s C library functions whenever possible: e.g. sscanf
for converting strings to integer or floating-point.
But now suppose you have data like these:
$ cat data/scan-example-2.tbl
value
0001
0002
0005
0005WA
0006
0007
0007WA
0008
0009
0010
$ mlr --pprint put '$copy = $value; $type = typeof($value)' data/scan-example-2.tbl
value copy type
0001 1 int
0002 2 int
0005 5 int
0005WA 0005WA string
0006 6 int
0007 7 int
0007WA 0007WA string
0008 8.000000 float
0009 9.000000 float
0010 8 int
The same conversion rules as above are being used. Namely:
By default field values are inferred to int, else float, else string;
leading zeroes indicate octal for integers (
sscanf
semantics);since
0008
doesn’t scan as integer (leading 0 requests octal but 8 isn’t a valid octal digit), the float scan is tried next and it succeeds;default floating-point output format is 6 decimal places (override with
mlr --ofmt
).
Taken individually the rules make sense; taken collectively they produce a mishmash of types here.
The solution is to use the -S flag for mlr put
and/or mlr filter
. Then all field values are left as string. You can type-coerce on demand using syntax like '$z = int($x) + float($y)'
. (See also DSL reference; see also https://github.com/johnkerl/miller/issues/150.)
$ mlr --pprint put -S '$copy = $value; $type = typeof($value)' data/scan-example-2.tbl
value copy type
0001 0001 string
0002 0002 string
0005 0005 string
0005WA 0005WA string
0006 0006 string
0007 0007 string
0007WA 0007WA string
0008 0008 string
0009 0009 string
0010 0010 string
How do I examine then-chaining?¶
Then-chaining found in Miller is intended to function the same as Unix pipes, but with less keystroking. You can print your data one pipeline step at a time, to see what intermediate output at one step becomes the input to the next step.
First, look at the input data:
$ cat data/then-example.csv
Status,Payment_Type,Amount
paid,cash,10.00
pending,debit,20.00
paid,cash,50.00
pending,credit,40.00
paid,debit,30.00
Next, run the first step of your command, omitting anything from the first then
onward:
$ mlr --icsv --opprint count-distinct -f Status,Payment_Type data/then-example.csv
Status Payment_Type count
paid cash 2
pending debit 1
pending credit 1
paid debit 1
After that, run it with the next then
step included:
$ mlr --icsv --opprint count-distinct -f Status,Payment_Type then sort -nr count data/then-example.csv
Status Payment_Type count
paid cash 2
pending debit 1
pending credit 1
paid debit 1
Now if you use then
to include another verb after that, the columns Status
, Payment_Type
, and count
will be the input to that verb.
Note, by the way, that you’ll get the same results using pipes:
$ mlr --csv count-distinct -f Status,Payment_Type data/then-example.csv | mlr --icsv --opprint sort -nr count
Status Payment_Type count
paid cash 2
pending debit 1
pending credit 1
paid debit 1
I assigned $9 and it’s not 9th¶
Miller records are ordered lists of key-value pairs. For NIDX format, DKVP format when keys are missing, or CSV/CSV-lite format with --implicit-csv-header
, Miller will sequentially assign keys of the form 1
, 2
, etc. But these are not integer array indices: they’re just field names taken from the initial field ordering in the input data.
$ echo x,y,z | mlr --dkvp cat
1=x,2=y,3=z
$ echo x,y,z | mlr --dkvp put '$6="a";$4="b";$55="cde"'
1=x,2=y,3=z,6=a,4=b,55=cde
$ echo x,y,z | mlr --nidx cat
x,y,z
$ echo x,y,z | mlr --csv --implicit-csv-header cat
1,2,3
x,y,z
$ echo x,y,z | mlr --dkvp rename 2,999
1=x,999=y,3=z
$ echo x,y,z | mlr --dkvp rename 2,newname
1=x,newname=y,3=z
$ echo x,y,z | mlr --csv --implicit-csv-header reorder -f 3,1,2
3,1,2
z,x,y
How can I filter by date?¶
Given input like
$ cat dates.csv
date,event
2018-02-03,initialization
2018-03-07,discovery
2018-02-03,allocation
we can use strptime
to parse the date field into seconds-since-epoch and then do numeric comparisons. Simply match your input dataset’s date-formatting to the strptime format-string. For example:
$ mlr --csv filter 'strptime($date, "%Y-%m-%d") > strptime("2018-03-03", "%Y-%m-%d")' dates.csv
date,event
2018-03-07,discovery
Caveat: localtime-handling in timezones with DST is still a work in progress; see https://github.com/johnkerl/miller/issues/170. See also https://github.com/johnkerl/miller/issues/208 – thanks @aborruso!
How can I handle commas-as-data in various formats?¶
CSV handles this well and by design:
$ cat commas.csv
Name,Role
"Xiao, Lin",administrator
"Khavari, Darius",tester
Likewise Tabular JSON:
$ mlr --icsv --ojson cat commas.csv
{ "Name": "Xiao, Lin", "Role": "administrator" }
{ "Name": "Khavari, Darius", "Role": "tester" }
For Miller’s vertical-tabular format there is no escaping for carriage returns, but commas work fine:
$ mlr --icsv --oxtab cat commas.csv
Name Xiao, Lin
Role administrator
Name Khavari, Darius
Role tester
But for Key-value_pairs and index-numbered, commas are the default field separator. And – as of Miller 5.4.0 anyway – there is no CSV-style double-quote-handling like there is for CSV. So commas within the data look like delimiters:
$ mlr --icsv --odkvp cat commas.csv
Name=Xiao, Lin,Role=administrator
Name=Khavari, Darius,Role=tester
One solution is to use a different delimiter, such as a pipe character:
$ mlr --icsv --odkvp --ofs pipe cat commas.csv
Name=Xiao, Lin|Role=administrator
Name=Khavari, Darius|Role=tester
To be extra-sure to avoid data/delimiter clashes, you can also use control characters as delimiters – here, control-A:
$ mlr --icsv --odkvp --ofs '\001' cat commas.csv | cat -v
Name=Xiao, Lin^ARole=administrator
Name=Khavari, Darius^ARole=tester
How can I handle field names with special symbols in them?¶
Simply surround the field names with curly braces:
$ echo 'x.a=3,y:b=4,z/c=5' | mlr put '${product.all} = ${x.a} * ${y:b} * ${z/c}'
x.a=3,y:b=4,z/c=5,product.all=60
How to escape ‘?’ in regexes?¶
One way is to use square brackets; an alternative is to use simple string-substitution rather than a regular expression.
$ cat data/question.dat
a=is it?,b=it is!
$ mlr --oxtab put '$c = gsub($a, "[?]"," ...")' data/question.dat
a is it?
b it is!
c is it ...
$ mlr --oxtab put '$c = ssub($a, "?"," ...")' data/question.dat
a is it?
b it is!
c is it ...
The ssub
function exists precisely for this reason: so you don’t have to escape anything.
How can I put single-quotes into strings?¶
This is a little tricky due to the shell’s handling of quotes. For simplicity, let’s first put an update script into a file:
$a = "It's OK, I said, then 'for now'."
$ echo a=bcd | mlr put -f data/single-quote-example.mlr
a=It's OK, I said, then 'for now'.
So, it’s simple: Miller’s DSL uses double quotes for strings, and you can put single quotes (or backslash-escaped double-quotes) inside strings, no problem.
Without putting the update expression in a file, it’s messier:
$ echo a=bcd | mlr put '$a="It'\''s OK, I said, '\''for now'\''."'
a=It's OK, I said, 'for now'.
The idea is that the outermost single-quotes are to protect the put
expression from the shell, and the double quotes within them are for Miller. To get a single quote in the middle there, you need to actually put it outside the single-quoting for the shell. The pieces are the following, all concatenated together:
$a="It
\'
s OK, I said,
\'
for now
\'
.
Why doesn’t mlr cut put fields in the order I want?¶
Example: columns x,i,a
were requested but they appear here in the order a,i,x
:
$ cat data/small
a=pan,b=pan,i=1,x=0.3467901443380824,y=0.7268028627434533
a=eks,b=pan,i=2,x=0.7586799647899636,y=0.5221511083334797
a=wye,b=wye,i=3,x=0.20460330576630303,y=0.33831852551664776
a=eks,b=wye,i=4,x=0.38139939387114097,y=0.13418874328430463
a=wye,b=pan,i=5,x=0.5732889198020006,y=0.8636244699032729
$ mlr cut -f x,i,a data/small
a=pan,i=1,x=0.3467901443380824
a=eks,i=2,x=0.7586799647899636
a=wye,i=3,x=0.20460330576630303
a=eks,i=4,x=0.38139939387114097
a=wye,i=5,x=0.5732889198020006
The issue is that Miller’s cut
, by default, outputs cut fields in the order they appear in the input data. This design decision was made intentionally to parallel the Unix/Linux system cut
command, which has the same semantics.
The solution is to use the -o
option:
$ mlr cut -o -f x,i,a data/small
x=0.3467901443380824,i=1,a=pan
x=0.7586799647899636,i=2,a=eks
x=0.20460330576630303,i=3,a=wye
x=0.38139939387114097,i=4,a=eks
x=0.5732889198020006,i=5,a=wye
NR is not consecutive after then-chaining¶
Given this input data:
$ cat data/small
a=pan,b=pan,i=1,x=0.3467901443380824,y=0.7268028627434533
a=eks,b=pan,i=2,x=0.7586799647899636,y=0.5221511083334797
a=wye,b=wye,i=3,x=0.20460330576630303,y=0.33831852551664776
a=eks,b=wye,i=4,x=0.38139939387114097,y=0.13418874328430463
a=wye,b=pan,i=5,x=0.5732889198020006,y=0.8636244699032729
why don’t I see NR=1
and NR=2
here??
$ mlr filter '$x > 0.5' then put '$NR = NR' data/small
a=eks,b=pan,i=2,x=0.7586799647899636,y=0.5221511083334797,NR=2
a=wye,b=pan,i=5,x=0.5732889198020006,y=0.8636244699032729,NR=5
The reason is that NR
is computed for the original input records and isn’t dynamically updated. By contrast, NF
is dynamically updated: it’s the number of fields in the current record, and if you add/remove a field, the value of NF
will change:
$ echo x=1,y=2,z=3 | mlr put '$nf1 = NF; $u = 4; $nf2 = NF; unset $x,$y,$z; $nf3 = NF'
nf1=3,u=4,nf2=5,nf3=3
NR
, by contrast (and FNR
as well), retains the value from the original input stream, and records may be dropped by a filter
within a then
-chain. To recover consecutive record numbers, you can use out-of-stream variables as follows:
$ mlr --opprint --from data/small put '
begin{ @nr1 = 0 }
@nr1 += 1;
$nr1 = @nr1
' \
then filter '$x>0.5' \
then put '
begin{ @nr2 = 0 }
@nr2 += 1;
$nr2 = @nr2
'
a b i x y nr1 nr2
eks pan 2 0.7586799647899636 0.5221511083334797 2 1
wye pan 5 0.5732889198020006 0.8636244699032729 5 2
Or, simply use mlr cat -n
:
$ mlr filter '$x > 0.5' then cat -n data/small
n=1,a=eks,b=pan,i=2,x=0.7586799647899636,y=0.5221511083334797
n=2,a=wye,b=pan,i=5,x=0.5732889198020006,y=0.8636244699032729
Why am I not seeing all possible joins occur?¶
This section describes behavior before Miller 5.1.0. As of 5.1.0, -u is the default.
For example, the right file here has nine records, and the left file should add in the hostname
column – so the join output should also have 9 records:
$ mlr --icsvlite --opprint cat data/join-u-left.csv
hostname ipaddr
nadir.east.our.org 10.3.1.18
zenith.west.our.org 10.3.1.27
apoapsis.east.our.org 10.4.5.94
$ mlr --icsvlite --opprint cat data/join-u-right.csv
ipaddr timestamp bytes
10.3.1.27 1448762579 4568
10.3.1.18 1448762578 8729
10.4.5.94 1448762579 17445
10.3.1.27 1448762589 12
10.3.1.18 1448762588 44558
10.4.5.94 1448762589 8899
10.3.1.27 1448762599 0
10.3.1.18 1448762598 73425
10.4.5.94 1448762599 12200
$ mlr --icsvlite --opprint join -s -j ipaddr -f data/join-u-left.csv data/join-u-right.csv
ipaddr hostname timestamp bytes
10.3.1.27 zenith.west.our.org 1448762579 4568
10.4.5.94 apoapsis.east.our.org 1448762579 17445
10.4.5.94 apoapsis.east.our.org 1448762589 8899
10.4.5.94 apoapsis.east.our.org 1448762599 12200
The issue is that Miller’s join
, by default (before 5.1.0), took input sorted (lexically ascending) by the sort keys on both the left and right files. This design decision was made intentionally to parallel the Unix/Linux system join
command, which has the same semantics. The benefit of this default is that the joiner program can stream through the left and right files, needing to load neither entirely into memory. The drawback, of course, is that is requires sorted input.
The solution (besides pre-sorting the input files on the join keys) is to simply use mlr join -u (which is now the default). This loads the left file entirely into memory (while the right file is still streamed one line at a time) and does all possible joins without requiring sorted input:
$ mlr --icsvlite --opprint join -u -j ipaddr -f data/join-u-left.csv data/join-u-right.csv
ipaddr hostname timestamp bytes
10.3.1.27 zenith.west.our.org 1448762579 4568
10.3.1.18 nadir.east.our.org 1448762578 8729
10.4.5.94 apoapsis.east.our.org 1448762579 17445
10.3.1.27 zenith.west.our.org 1448762589 12
10.3.1.18 nadir.east.our.org 1448762588 44558
10.4.5.94 apoapsis.east.our.org 1448762589 8899
10.3.1.27 zenith.west.our.org 1448762599 0
10.3.1.18 nadir.east.our.org 1448762598 73425
10.4.5.94 apoapsis.east.our.org 1448762599 12200
General advice is to make sure the left-file is relatively small, e.g. containing name-to-number mappings, while saving large amounts of data for the right file.
How to rectangularize after joins with unpaired?¶
Suppose you have the following two data files:
id,code
3,0000ff
2,00ff00
4,ff0000
id,color
4,red
2,green
Joining on color the results are as expected:
$ mlr --csv join -j id -f data/color-codes.csv data/color-names.csv
id,code,color
4,ff0000,red
2,00ff00,green
However, if we ask for left-unpaireds, since there’s no color
column, we get a row not having the same column names as the other:
$ mlr --csv join --ul -j id -f data/color-codes.csv data/color-names.csv
id,code,color
4,ff0000,red
2,00ff00,green
id,code
3,0000ff
To fix this, we can use unsparsify:
$ mlr --csv join --ul -j id -f data/color-codes.csv then unsparsify --fill-with "" data/color-names.csv
id,code,color
4,ff0000,red
2,00ff00,green
3,0000ff,
Thanks to @aborruso for the tip!
What about XML or JSON file formats?¶
Miller handles tabular data, which is a list of records each having fields which are key-value pairs. Miller also doesn’t require that each record have the same field names (see also Record-heterogeneity). Regardless, tabular data is a non-recursive data structure.
XML, JSON, etc. are, by contrast, all recursive or nested data structures. For example, in JSON you can represent a hash map whose values are lists of lists.
Now, you can put tabular data into these formats – since list-of-key-value-pairs is one of the things representable in XML or JSON. Example:
# DKVP
x=1,y=2
z=3
# XML
<table>
<record>
<field>
<key> x </key> <value> 1 </value>
</field>
<field>
<key> y </key> <value> 2 </value>
</field>
</record>
<record>
<field>
<key> z </key> <value> 3 </value>
</field>
</record>
</table>
# JSON
[{"x":1,"y":2},{"z":3}]
However, a tool like Miller which handles non-recursive data is never going to be able to handle full XML/JSON semantics – only a small subset. If tabular data represented in XML/JSON/etc are sufficiently well-structured, it may be easy to grep/sed out the data into a simpler text form – this is a general text-processing problem.
Miller does support tabular data represented in JSON: please see File formats. See also jq for a truly powerful, JSON-specific tool.
For XML, my suggestion is to use a tool like ff-extractor to do format conversion.